In discussing cyber espionage, Michael Chertoff said that "the Russians are pretty much No.1 in terms of using criminal organizations as partners." Chertoff noted that there is an "unholy alliance between criminal hackers operating in Russia and the Russian intelligence services." 

Russia's outsourcing of its hacking has enabled them to "obfuscate their role in carrying out these kinds of cyber attacks" by "having criminals as cutouts." 

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